The may 4th movement and cultural borrowing
1853 Perry arrives in Edo (Tokyo) Bay
The father of the modern united states navy.
Ordered to open Japan
During the tokugawa, they were close off to threats but opened to china,korea etc.
Gunbone diplomacy.
In the 19th century they try to open negotiation with japan. The president send perry to japan to open japan.
Perry:
- Interest in japan for coal and trade
- Traded with japan under dutch flag from 1797-1809
- Made several attempts to trade with japan
- Threaten japan with naval power
- Japan knows the results of the opium war in china
- Perry arrives back with twice as many ships
- Japan acceded to US demands.
- The two country negotiated a treaty of eternal friendship and commerce.
For japan:
- Modernize to survive
- Renegotiate unequal treaties
- Avoid being bullied in the future
For America
First Imperial actions outside of the Americas
Japan is afraid that if it fails to modernise it will die.
After the unequal treaties, japan doesn’t want to be bullied.
How america view themselves during that period:
Not threatening
Japanese:
The back of the face looks like a back of the monster. The japanese portray the americans as a dangerous threat.
Modernisation in Japan.
- High level of technical skill by the end of 18th century but uses animal not chemical power
- National learning scholars address a specifically japanese nation
- Unlike uk , who was using steam power and coal power to power their machine, japan was still using natural power and manpower.
- Japan became one of the most literate countries in the world along with burma.
- The people were shocked to realise japan is a literate country.
- Literacy in japan is much higher compared to any other country.
- Glimmerings of a national consciousness
- Tokugawa scholars are writing for a particular reader- aim at japanese people
- Influencing confucian values
- Emperor provided one symbol for unification unlike china whose emperor is not a han chinese but a manchuria.
- Japan manage to borrow yet still be japan
- Haves a history of borrowing from other countries.
- Unlike in china where it is hard to borrow
- Empires become arrogant because they feel like they have confucian technology thus they don't need foreign
- Failure is not an option for japan
- One of the imperial powers will colonise japan and they are afraid of that. It wasn't an option for japan.
1868 Meiji Restoration
- Replacement of shogunate with another
- Civil war basically avoided
- The tokugawa oligarchs is replaced.
- People is afraid that if they start a civil war the other countries will colonize them thus they avoided the civil war.
- The people who are running the meiji gov have experience in administration and government in their local domains.
First sino-japanese war (1894-1895)
- Japan’s army and navy modernise
- Defeat china (qing) forces
- China loses dominance in korea
- Balance of power shifts in asia from china to japan
- Now seeing that balance of power shift back to china
For japan:
- Sense of superiority to previous “teacher”
- Gain dominant position in Korea
- Annexed taiwan
For china:
- Europeans were completely barbarian so losing to them was bad but not a nlow to confucianism and government.
- Japan as half civilised hence losing to japanese was a blow
- Loss of imperial status in korea
- Loss of territory in taiwan
Also this is the period at which the senkaku/diaoyu island come into japan possession.
Chinese revolution
Revolt at wuhan
- It can’t reform itself thus it lead to a revolution
- Reforms
- Provisional government established on jan 1 1912
- Sun yat sen as first president
- But force to cede power in a few monthes to generals china begins to slide
Sun Yat sen 1866-1925
Sun zhong shan was given to him by miyazaki toten who is a japanese philosopher who share the same basic ideals
He help sun avoid arrest in japan and called him nakayama sho. They cant speak the opposite party’s language but manage to communicate by writing the characters.
Born in honolulu
- Didnt know english but progressed so fast that the king of hawaii gave him a prize
- Returns to china in 1883
- Becomes a doctor
- Baptized as a christian in 1888 hongkong as he is studying to become a doctor
- Begins o become involved in revolutionary activities from the early 1890’s onward
He starts a revolutionary societies. Often flees to japan for protection when plans fail
Aids philippines revolutionaries in their fight against spain and then america by procuring weapons for them.
He wants the people to be able to run their own country, run their own life.
He have to go into exile when his plan failed.
He was not successful when he revolutionise.
Three principles for china:
-Nationalism
-Democracy
-People’s livelihood
As a visionary, he inspires many in china to overthrow the old regime.
Why was japan successful?
- Sense of nation among the japanese eltires
- Sense of nation among the japanese eltires
COmpare to china
- Leaders are not government figures
- Don't know how to run the countries
- No single national symbol (manchurs are not china and are foreign)
- Les technical expertise
- Lower levels of literacy general populace
- And centuries of being center leads to decline in ability to borrow from other cultures compared to say tang dynasty.
Modernisation in china
- Number of extraordinary figures first rate intellectuals
- Man spent time in the west or in japan
- Sun yat sen is one of these.
- These figures work within the chaos of warlordism “heroric intellectural”
Lu Xun 1881-1936
- Born into a family of declining family fortunes
- Leftist sympathtic to communist ideals but does not join the communist partyHas a western studies .
- Recieves scholarship to go japan in 1902
- Attends a school to learn japanaese language
- Enters sendai medical academy in 1904
- Becomes famor aft -Becomes famous 4 may 1919
Ethicus is always situational and to practice it we have to deal with it situation by situation.
Zhuo Zuoren
- Lu XUn’s younger brother
- Leaves for japan in 1906
- Studies at rikkyo
- Marries a japanese women
- Return to china in 1911 translares japanese to chinese (and greek) translate stories as well.
May 4th 1019
Peace discussion at versallies france given japan control of formal herman posssesion in china
3000 students in beijing to honf a mass protest at tiananmen
Burn house of minister and beat him
Student organise a general strikes which happens all over china.
Merchant close shop in symporthy with students
Boycott of japanese goods,fights with japanese residents
Indetelcture
In some way almost symbolic
Does not lead to a new governmanet of the end of the warlards
But perhaps the fountain head of the modern chinese nationalism
Positive: preserve china, negative : anti japanese
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